The Kingdom of Ireland (1542–1801) an Ríoghacht Éireann
The Crown of Ireland Act 1542 established the Kingdom of Ireland, bestowing the restored Crown of Ireland upon Henry VIII, King of England and Lord of Ireland, and his heirs and successors as Monarch of England. In 1603, the crowns of England and Scotland came into union, bringing the kingdoms of England, Scotland, and Ireland into personal union for the first time. The Kingdom of Ireland, and the Irish Monarchy, was merged into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland by the Acts of Union 1800.
For a brief period following the execution of Charles I of England, from 1652 to 1660, Ireland was without a monarch. Oliver Cromwell's conquest of Ireland during this time remains controversial; though estimates vary, the resultant loss of Irish (as well as English, etc.) life was significant.
